Market structure affects pricing power, output decisions and profitability. Two extreme models are:
For exams, remember:
Market structure refers to the nature of competition in a market—how many firms exist, how products differ, and how much control firms have over price.
It influences:
Markets are classified based on:
These are used in price-output decisions.
A firm maximises profit by producing the output where:
And the firm should operate where MC is rising (for stability).
This rule holds in both perfect competition and monopoly; the difference is how MR behaves.
Perfect competition is a market with many buyers and sellers where:
Because products are identical, a single firm cannot charge a higher price than market price.
For a perfectly competitive firm:
Reason: the firm can sell any quantity at market price.
Steps (write in exam):
Cases:
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Market structures are classified based on: (1) number of firms (sellers) and buyers, (2) nature of product (homogeneous or differentiated), (3) conditions of entry and exit (barriers), and (4) degree of control over price and information.
These criteria determine how competitive the market is and how much pricing power firms have.
TR (Total Revenue) = P×Q. AR (Average Revenue) = TR/Q and generally equals price. MR (Marginal Revenue) = ΔTR/ΔQ, i.e., additional revenue from selling one extra unit.
These concepts are used to decide output and price under different market structures.
Managerial economics is a stream of management studies which emphasises solving business problems and decision-making by applying the theories and principles of microeconomics and macroeconomics. It is a specialised stream dealing with the organisation's internal issues by using various economic theories.
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Market structure affects pricing power, output decisions and profitability. Two extreme models are:
For exams, remember:
Market structure refers to the nature of competition in a market—how many firms exist, how products differ, and how much control firms have over price.
It influences:
Markets are classified based on:
These are used in price-output decisions.
A firm maximises profit by producing the output where:
And the firm should operate where MC is rising (for stability).
This rule holds in both perfect competition and monopoly; the difference is how MR behaves.
Perfect competition is a market with many buyers and sellers where:
Because products are identical, a single firm cannot charge a higher price than market price.
For a perfectly competitive firm:
Reason: the firm can sell any quantity at market price.
Steps (write in exam):
Cases:
Shutdown condition (basic mention):
In long run:
Long-run equilibrium conditions:
Thus perfect competition leads to normal profit in long run.
Monopoly is a market with a single seller and no close substitutes.
Features:
Examples: public utilities in some cases, patented products (temporary monopoly).
A monopolist faces the market demand curve which is downward sloping.
Therefore:
This is a key difference from perfect competition.
Steps:
Monopolist can earn supernormal profit even in long run due to barriers to entry (not guaranteed always, but possible).
Monopoly does not have a supply curve like competitive market (because price-output is chosen using demand).
Price discrimination means charging different prices to different customers for the same product, not due to cost differences.
Conditions:
Types (simple):
Revenue curves summary:
Perfect competition: AR = MR = P (horizontal)
Monopoly: AR downward; MR below AR
Profit condition:
Choose Q where MR = MC, then compare P with AC.
If these notes helped you, a quick review supports the project and helps more students find it.
Perfect competition: many firms sell a homogeneous product, so each firm is a price taker.
Short-run price-output determination:
Long-run equilibrium:
Long-run equilibrium conditions:
Thus, competitive forces ensure only normal profit in the long run.